Jesús-Azabal, ManuelZheng, MeichunSoares, V.N.G.J.2025-11-062025-11-062025JESÚS-AZABAL, M. ; ZHENG, M. ; SOARES, V.N.G.J. (2025) - Dynamic energy-aware anchor optimization for contact-based indoor localization in MANETs. Information. 16, 855. DOI: 10.3390/ info16100855http://hdl.handle.net/10400.11/10354Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are openly available in https://github.com/Bear-the-box/adaptive-indoor-location-for-manets, accessed on 29 September 2025.Indoor positioning remains a recurrent and significant challenge in research. Unlike outdoor environments, where the Global Positioning System (GPS) provides reliable location information, indoor scenarios lack direct line-of-sight to satellites or cellular towers, rendering GPS inoperative and requiring alternative positioning techniques. Despite numerous approaches, indoor contexts with resource limitations, energy constraints, or physical restrictions continue to suffer from unreliable localization. Many existing methods employ a fixed number of reference anchors, which sets a hard balance between localization accuracy and energy consumption, forcing designers to choose between precise location data and battery life. As a response to this challenge, this paper proposes an energy-aware indoor positioning strategy based on Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). The core principle is a self-adaptive control loop that continuously monitors the network’s positioning accuracy. Based on this real-time feedback, the system dynamically adjusts the number of active anchors, increasing them only when accuracy degrades and reducing them to save energy once stability is achieved. The method dynamically estimates relative coordinates by analyzing node encounters and contact durations, from which relative distances are inferred. Generalized Multidimensional Scaling (GMDS) is applied to construct a relative spatial map of the network, which is then transformed into absolute coordinates using reference nodes, known as anchors. The proposal is evaluated in a realistic simulated indoor MANET, assessing positioning accuracy, adaptation dynamics, anchor sensitivity, and energy usage. Results show that the adaptive mechanism achieves higher accuracy than fixed-anchor configurations in most cases, while significantly reducing the average number of required anchors and their associated energy footprint. This makes it suitable for infrastructure-poor, resource-constrained indoor environments where both accuracy and energy efficiency are critical.engIndoor positioningMobile ad hoc networksCooperative localizationAnchor nodesBluetoothSelf-adaptiveresearch article2025-11-05cv-prod-457589310.3390/info16100855