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- Identification of gallotannins and ellagitannins in aged wine spirits : a new perspective using alternative ageing technology and high-resolution mass spectrometryPublication . Fernandes, Tiago A.; Antunes, Alexandra M.M.; Caldeira, Ilda; Anjos, O.; Freitas, Victor; Fargeton, Laurent; Boissier, Benjamin; Catarino, Sofia; Canas, SaraThis research was focused on identifying gallotannins and ellagitannins degradation pathways to better understand their behavior in complex media such as wine spirits (WS). A WS was aged with chestnut wood staves with three levels of micro-oxygenation, nitrogen, and using wooden barrels. Gallotannins and ellagitannins were identified by LC-ESI-HRMS/MS using a Q-TOF in samples collected at 8, 21, 60, 180, 270, and 365 days of ageing, allowed comparing their relative abundances according to the ageing technology. It was established for the first time, the importance of oxygen in gallotannins and ellagitannins formation/degradation pathways in WS and shading light into the explanation for the steady increase of gallic and ellagic acid contents on WS during ageing. The results also highlighted the presence of penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tri- O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, and mono-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucose, pedunculagin, isomers vescalagin/castalagin and two products stemming from ethanol-promoted oxidation of castalagin/vescalagin and vescalin/castalin, in the composition WS aged with chestnut wood.
- Wine spirit ageing with chestnut staves under different micro-oxygenation strategies: effects on the volatile compounds and sensory profilePublication . Caldeira, Ilda; Vitória, Cláudia; Anjos, O.; Fernandes, Tiago A.; Gallardo, Eugenia; Fargeton, Laurent; Boissier, Benjamin; Catarino, Sofia; Canas, SaraThe purpose of this work is to evaluate the wine spirit aged by an alternative process (staves combined with different micro-oxygenation levels) and its comparison with the traditional process (wooden barrels). This evaluation was made by analyzing the volatile compounds and sensory profile of the spirits during 365 days of ageing. The findings confirmed the role played by oxygen in the volatile profile of aged wine spirits. Samples of alternative ageing modalities were well distinguished from those of wooden barrels based on the volatile profile, namely on the concentrations of several volatile phenols. From a sensory point of view, the results are promising with high overall consistency scores obtained from samples of alternative ageing process modalities.
- The interplay of bottle storage and wood ageing technology: Volatile and sensory profiles of wine spirits aged with chestnut woodPublication . Caldeira, Ilda; Anjos, O.; Vitória, Cláudia; Alves, Sheila Oliveira; Fernandes, Tiago A.; Canas, Sara; Catarino, SofiaWine spirits are typically aged in wooden barrels. Recently, alternative ageing technologies, such as those using wood fragments in wine spirits stored in stainless steel tanks, have been investigated. However, a signifcant lack of information regarding the potential evolution of these beverages after bottling still remains. This study assessed the 12-month evolu tion of aroma in bottled wine spirits aged with chestnut wood using diferent technologies, including fragment application with several micro-oxygenation strategies and barrels (traditional). Chemical analysis using GC-FID and GC–MS methods, along with sensory analysis, was conducted on all sampled aged wine spirits. Signifcant changes in volatile compounds were detected over time, including volatile phenols, acids, and esters. Multivariate data analysis distinguished traditional and alternative aged samples, with slight sample discrimination based on bottle storage. Regarding the sensory results, a signifcant efect of the time in bottle in several sensory attributes was found, while the ageing technologies mainly afected the gustatory attributes. The tasters were also asked to rate the overall quality of the samples, which seems to be favoured by the time in the bottle. This initial assessment of the impact of 1 year of glass bottle storage on the volatile and sensory composition of aged wine spirits highlights that this stage must be considered as an additional technological factor in their production process. However, the diferences induced by the wood ageing technologies applied remained evident after 1 year of glass bottle storage.