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- Associação entre a relação 2D:4D e o desempenho desportivo em atletas. Uma revisão sistemática e meta-análisePublication . Bernardino, Vanda; Rebelo, André; Cruz, João; Vaz, Vasco; Santos, João Valente dos; Silva, Manuel J. Coelho; Duarte-Mendes, PedroIntrodução: A identificação de jovens atletas talentosos no desporto de alto rendimento requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar que considere a complexa cominação de características genéticas, psicológicas, físicas, técnicas e táticas, sendo o rácio 2D:4D uma possível ferramenta adicional. Objetivo: Este estudo visa analisar, através de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise, as relações entre o rácio 2D:4D e várias capacidades físicas em atletas de diferentes idades e níveis competitivos. Metodologia: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e SPORTDiscus, com os artigos recuperados sendo importados para o software Cadima para otimizar a síntese de evidências e garantir rigor metodológico. A qualidade dos estudos foi avaliada utilizando a lista de “Downs e Black”, e a análise estatística da meta-análise foi efetuada com o modelo de Efeitos Aleatórios para considerar a variabilidade entre os estudos. Resultados: Foram selecionados 67 estudos para a revisão da literatura, e 19 estudos, que avaliaram 3581 rácios 2D:4D, foram incluídos na meta-análise. Os principais resultados revelaram diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres, com os homens apresentando valores de 2D:4D tipicamente mais baixos. Além disso, os atletas tendem a ter rácios 2D:4D inferiores em comparação com os não-atletas. Conclusões: Foram identificadas associações negativas entre o rácio 2D:4D e a capacidade aeróbia, VO2máx, potência anaeróbia e força muscular, enquanto que as relações com velocidade, capacidade anaeróbia e flexibilidade mostraram-se menos consistentes.
- Behavior change wheel as a tool to promote physical activity in online intervention: a case studyPublication . Couto, Nuno; Morgado, Vitor; Pereira, Tomás; Vitorino, Anabela; Bento, Teresa; Alves, Susana; Cid, Luís; Duarte-Mendes, PedroIntroduction: Physical activity (PA) has significant health benefits. However, one in four adults does not meet the globally recommended levels of PA. Considering that PA behavior is influenced by various factors operating at multiple levels, including personal, social, and environmental factors, a singlesubject behavioral change intervention was developed to promote PA behavior through online sessions. Method: Based on a one-to-one intervention, the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) methodology was used to design an intervention that was developed for 24 weeks, including eight weeks of online sessions and 16 weeks of follow-up. Results: We observed an increase of metabolic equivalent (MET-min/week; baseline = 2,970; eight weeks = 6,440; 24 weeks = 6,744) and daily steps (baseline = 8,372; eight weeks = 10,234; 24 weeks = 12,142), which provides some evidence for the efficacy of online methodologies, especially in the relation one-to-one. Conclusion: The intervention, designed through BCW, had a positive effect in promoting more PA in a subject of our case study and provided evidence that can be used in further interventions that aim to increase PA levels in the population; however, future studies must be conducted to expand the evidence in other domains.
- Boas práticas de prevenção de quedas em estruturas residenciais para pessoas idosas.Publication . Ribeiro, Andreia Sofia Martins de Oliveira; Leitão, Catarina Elisabete Gonçalves; Pinheira, Vítor Manuel BarreirosA prevenção de quedas em idosos institucionalizados é uma temática de elevada relevância, considerando a vulnerabilidade desta população e o impacto significativo destes eventos na sua qualidade de vida e na sobrecarga dos sistemas de saúde. A presente investigação procurou responder à questão: “Qual é o impacto das competências dos cuidadores formais não qualificados na implementação e eficácia das estratégias de prevenção de quedas em Estruturas Residenciais para Pessoas Idosas (ERPI)?”. Neste sentido, analisou-se o nível de conhecimento dos cuidadores relativamente aos fatores de risco e às estratégias de prevenção adotadas nas instituições, bem como a existência e frequência de formação específica nesta área. Pretendeu-se ainda identificar as estratégias de prevenção efetivamente aplicadas nas ERPI em Portugal, e determinar quais são mais frequentemente utilizadas na prática. A amostra foi constituída por 103 diretores técnicos e 101 colaboradores, tendo sido aplicados dois questionários distintos dirigidos a cada grupo. A análise estatística foi realizada com recurso ao programa SPSS (versão 20.0), utilizando estatística descritiva e inferencial. Os resultados indicaram que o número médio de quedas por número de utentes foi superior nas instituições com protocolo formal de prevenção, embora a diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,462). A correlação entre o número de profissionais de saúde e o número de quedas também não foi significativa. A presença de fisioterapeuta a tempo integral revelou-se estatisticamente associada a uma menor média de quedas por utente (p = 0,035), sugerindo um possível efeito protetor decorrente da sua atuação regular. Relativamente à formação dos cuidadores, observou-se que apenas duas das questões de avaliação apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com a formação, indicando um impacto limitado. Este resultado aponta para possíveis fragilidades na eficácia, abrangência ou aplicação prática da formação recebida nesta área.
- Body composition, strength and muscle power indices at the different competitive levels of FutsalPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Marques, Catarina; Crisóstomo, Rute; Silva Batista, Marco Alexandre; Paulo, Rui; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; HONÓRIO, SAMUEL; Serrano, JoãoObjective: The aim was to verify the differences in physical condition (body composition, power and muscle strength) in futsal players from three competitive levels. Methodology: Sixty-eight (24.26 ± 4.63 years old) Portuguese futsal players participated in the study, divided into: elite, sub-elite and amateur. We used the bioimpedance, the countermovement jump and the isokinetic dynamometer to assess physical condition, and the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare variables between groups. Results: There were no differences in body composition between groups. Elite players had higher countermovement jump heights than amateur players (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexors, with the elite players showing more strength than the amateur players (p = 0.047). Discussion: The results of the research should be contrasted with those of other research found in the literature. Conclusions: The elite players had higher physical condition parameters (more lower limb power and more flexor muscle strength) compared to the amateur players. We would point out that all groups had a high probability of lower limb muscle injury (H/Q ratio < 60%) at this stage of the sports season, alerting training professionals to the importance of individualised physical condition analysis.
- Bridging the gap between training and competition in elite rink hockey : a pilot studyPublication . Ferraz, António; Pérez-Chao, Enrique Alonso; Ribeiro, João; Spyrou, Konstantinos; Freitas, Tomás T; Santos, João Valentes dos; Alcaraz, Pedro E; Travassos, Bruno; Duarte-Mendes, PedroBackground: Monitoring training load and competition load is crucial for evaluating and improving athlete performance. This study proposes an applied approach to characterize and classify the training task specificity in relation to competition in a top-level rink hockey team, considering external and internal load from training tasks and competition. Hypothesis: Training tasks and game demands have significant dose-response differences, and exercises can be classified successfully based on their physiological and biomechanical demands. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Methods: Ten elite-level male rink hockey players participated in this study. Players were monitored on 6 different task categories during 8 training sessions and 2 official games. A linear mixed model with random intercepts was used to compare training tasks and competition load, accounting for individual repeated measures. A 2-step cluster analysis was performed to classify the training tasks and games based on physiological and biomechanical load, employing log-likelihood as the distance measure and Schwartz’s Bayesian criterion. Results: Average heartrate , maximum heartrate, and high-speed skating (18.1-30 km/h) were the best physiological load predictors, while the most effective biomechanical load predictors were impacts [8-10] g(n), decelerations [-10 to -3]m/s²(n), and accelerations [3-10]m/s²(n). Different physiological and biomechanical responses were verified between training tasks and match demands. A 4-quadrant efforts assessment for each task category revealed that training tasks used by the team in the analysis presented lower biomechanical and physiological load demands than competition. Conclusion: Training tasks failed to adequately replicate the specific demands of competition, especially regarding high mechanical stress, such as the absence of high-intensity impacts and decelerations. Clinical Relevance: This method of classification of training tasks may allow coaches to understand further the specificity and contribution of each task to competition demands, consequently improving the capacity of load management and the preparedness and readiness of players for competition.
- Editorial: (Un)healthy lifestyles, aging, and type 2 diabetesPublication . Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Silva, Fernanda M.; Teixeira, Ana M.Recent estimates from the IDF Diabetes Atlas indicate that diabetes affects 589 million adults worldwide in 2024, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounting for more than 90% of cases (International Diabetes Federation, 2025). This number is projected to reach 853 million by 2050. Age is an important risk factor for T2D, with estimates indicating that one in four adults with the disease (158 million) are over 65 years old.
- Editorial: Exploring motor imagery across the lifespan – gaps between practical applications and theoretical frameworksPublication . Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Bertollo, Maurizio; Ramalho, André; Marinho, Daniel AlmeidaMotor imagery (MI), understood as the multisensory mental simulation of action, engages motor planning and higher-order cognitive networks, linking motor control with broader cognitive functions. Beyond simple rehearsal, MI reorganizes neural activity and supports the acquisition, refinement, and retention of motor skills throughout the lifespan. Its benefits have been demonstrated across rehabilitation, education, music, and sport (Bach et al., 2024; Hurst and Boe, 2022). When tailored to individual needs, MI protocols closely mirror physical training, serving as tools for optimization, adaptation, and recovery (Mendes et al., 2016). Yet despite its wide-ranging applications, key questions remain about how the quality of MI should be assessed, why its effectiveness varies across individuals and tasks, and how complex laboratory findings can be meaningfully translated into real-world contexts.
- The effect of smoking on lung function changes during a 16-week combined exercise program in middle-aged workers: a latent growth curve analysisPublication . Silva, Fernanda M.; Ferreira, José P.; Teixeira, Ana M.; Monteiro, Diogo; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Silva, Fernanda M.Purpose To investigate the longitudinal changes in lung function of sedentary middle-aged workers over a 16-week combined exercise training program. Methods Thirty-six sedentary workers (53.70 ± 6.92 years old) were randomly allocated to either a combined aerobic and resistance training program (n = 18) or a control group (n = 18). Lung function was evaluated through spirometry using a portable flow spirometer (Spiropalm 6MWT, Cosmed, Italy). Predicted percentages of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, and mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of exhaled FVC (FEF25–75) were analyzed. Assessments were performed at baseline (M1), after 8-week (M2) and 16-week follow-up (M3). The changes in lung function were analyzed using the Latent Growth Curve Modeling that estimated interindividual and intraindividual growth paths. Results Smoking status revealed a significant effect on lung function growth with significant paths to intercept and slope for all models in both groups. The exercise group participants who are non-smokers revealed higher increases in FVC% (β = .22), FEV1% (β = .08), FEV1/FVC% ratio (β = .19), and FEF25–75% (β = .06) compared to those who are smokers from M1 to M3. The control group revealed a lower growth in lung function from M1 to M3, with a lower slope observed in smokers compared to non-smokers for FVC% (β= − .44), FEV1% (β = −.41), FEV1/FVC% (β = − .98), and FEF25–75% (β = − .52). Conclusion Our findings suggest that a 16-week combined training program is an effective strategy to improve lung function among sedentary workers, with a higher magnitude of improvement for non-smokers compared to smokers.
- Effects of a land and aquatic exercise-based program on pain, mobility and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trialPublication . Borges, Joana; Monteiro, Diogo; Silva, Fernanda M.; Jacinto, Miguel; Pastilha, Tiago; Duarte-Mendes, PedroBackground Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a disease with significant functional, emotional and social impact. Several interventions are proposed for its management and exercise is one of main, land-based or water-based. This study describes a randomized controlled trial that will analyze the effect of a combined aquatic and land-based exercise program compared to an aquatic-based program on pain, functional incapacity and quality of life in adults with CLBP. Additionally, it will analyze the effects of exercise cessation in the same outcomes. Methods and design A blind randomized controlled trial will be developed with a 1:1 allocation ratio. Around 30 adults with mechanical CLBP will be randomly allocated in two groups. The experimental group (ALG) will complete an aquatic and land-based exercise program and control group (AG) will carry out only an aquatic program, both for 8 weeks. Participants will be assessed with Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index, Short-Form 36, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia-13 and Modified-Modified Schober Test, collected at baseline (M0), after 8 weeks (M1) and 4 weeks after the end of the intervention (M2). Discussion This study may provide a relevant contribution to understand the potential effect of a combined land and aquatic exercise program on pain, functional disability, fear of movement, quality of life and lumbar mobility. The results may provide important information for CLBP management.
- Effects of combined aerobic-resistance training on health-related quality of life and stress in sedentary adultsPublication . Silva, Fernanda M.; Ferreira, José P.; Teixeira, Ana M.; Massart, Alain; Duarte-Mendes, PedroIIntroduction: Poor quality of life and psychological stress have been associated with worse clinical outcomes, including anxiety and depression disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and premature mortality. Evidence suggested that physically active adults were more likely to report better quality of life and increased capacity to deal with stress, compared to their sedentary peers. This study examines the effects of 16 weeks of combinedaerobic and resistance exercise training on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and stress levels in sedentary adults. Methods: This study involved previously sedentary middle-aged workers (n = 36),randomized, and allocated into control (n = 18) and exercise (n = 18) groups. The exercise group performed 16 weeks of combined exercise training for 75 min, three times/week. The HRQoL was assessed using the SF-36 survey and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Stress levels were assessed subjectively using the Perceived Stress Scale and objectively by the salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase concentrations. Intra- and inter-group analysis were performed using a mixed ANOVA or Friedman’s test. Results: In relation to SF-36 results, a significant improvement in the mental component summary (p = 0.047, Kendall’s W = 0.170 (small effect)) and social functioning subdomain (p = 0.040, Kendall’s W = 0.179 (small effect)) was found for the exercise group after the intervention. A significant difference between groups was found in mean differences (Δ) in the mental health subdomain, with superiority in the exercise group (exercise group, Δ = 7.50 vs. control group, Δ = −5.00; p = 0.006). After 16 weeks of follow-up, the exercise group perceived reduced stress levels compared to the control group (exercise group, Δ = −3.67 points vs. control group, Δ = 0.94 points; p > 0.05); although not significant, this result is clinically relevant. The exercise program had no significant effect on salivary stress biomarkers. Discussion: The present study’s findings may have important clinical implications because they show that middle-aged sedentary workers are likely to benefit from adopting a regular combined exercise training regimen to promote better HRQoL (i.e., mental health component) and wellbeing.