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- Comparison between the fire safety legislation of India – Italy – EnglandPublication . Patel, Nisarg; Santos, C.C.Fire safety regulation is critical to safeguarding the protection of people and property in structures. The laws and regulations in force differ amongst countries, reflecting their respective cultural, economic, and social situations. This research analyzes fire safety regulations in India, Italy, and England, noting important similarities and variations. The fire safety legislation is a combination of laws, regulations, codes, and standards that are intended to avoid and mitigate the risks connected with fire events, assuring the protection of people and property. In India, the National Building Code [1] is critical in establishing regulations for fire prevention, life safety, and fire protection in structures. It addresses issues like as occupancy categorization, construction regulations, egress provisions, and fire protection elements. Furthermore, the Model Building Bye Laws of 2003 delegate responsibility for fire clearance to the Chief Fire Officer, highlighting the need of adherence to fire safety measures throughout construction. In Italy, fire safety rules are governed by the Fire Prevention and Control Code [2], which requires fire risk assessments, fire safety plans, and specific standards for fire safety equipment in structures. The National Fire Corps (Vigili del Fuoco) enforces these restrictions. In England, the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) [3] is a crucial piece of legislation that applies to all non-domestic properties and common areas of residential structures. It necessitates fire risk assessments, fire safety plans, and adherence to specified fire safety measures such as fire extinguishers, alarms, emergency lights, and escape routes. The Fire Safety Act 2021 [4] strengthens fire safety standards by establishing new provisions for multi-occupancy residential buildings. The objective of fire safety law is to create a framework that guarantees buildings have the required safeguards in place to successfully prevent, detect, and respond to fire accidents, thereby protecting lives and properties. Compliance with these regulations is critical for reducing fire hazards and improving overall safety standards in public places. Fire safety legislation refers to the rules, regulations, codes, and standards put in place to avoid and limit the hazards of fire incidents, thereby assuring the safety of people and property. These regulations specify the standards for fire prevention, fire protection, and emergency response procedures that buildings and enterprises must meet. Fire safety law often includes requirements for fire risk assessments, fire safety plans, fire detection and suppression systems, equipment maintenance, evacuation procedures, and occupant training. Compliance with fire safety rules is critical for reducing the impact of fires and protecting people and property from harm. Comparing fire safety legislation in India, Italy, and England reveals significant differences and similarities shaped by each country's legal frameworks, governance structures, and fire safety priorities.
- Determination of dynamic elastic properties of 3D-printed nylon 12CF using impulse excitation of vibrationPublication . Garcia, Pedro F.; Ramalho, Armando; Vasco, Joel; Rubén, Rui; Capela, Carlos; MDPIMaterial Extrusion (MEX) process is increasingly used to fabricate components for structural applications, driven by the availability of advanced materials and greater industrial adoption. In these contexts, understanding the mechanical performance of printed parts is crucial. However, conventional methods for assessing anisotropic elastic behavior often rely on expensive equipment and time-consuming procedures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the applicability of the impulse excitation of vibration (IEV) in characterizing the dynamic mechanical properties of a 3D-printed composite material. Tensile tests were also performed to compare quasi-static properties with the dynamic ones obtained through IEV. The tested material, Nylon 12CF, contains 35% short carbon fibers by weight and is commercially available from Stratasys. It is used in the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, a Material Extrusion technology, and exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties. This is further reinforced by the filament deposition process, which affects the mechanical response of printed parts. Young’s modulus obtained in the direction perpendicular to the deposition plane (E33), obtained via IEV, was 14.77% higher than the value in the technical datasheet. Comparing methods, the Young’s modulus obtained in the deposition plane, in an inclined direction of 45 degrees in relation to the deposition direction (E45), showed a 22.95% difference between IEV and tensile tests, while Poisson’s ratio in the deposition plane (v12) differed by 6.78%. This data is critical for designing parts subject to demanding service conditions, and the results obtained (orthotropic elastic properties) can be used in finite element simulation software. Ultimately, this work reinforces the potential of the IEV method as an accessible and consistent alternative for characterizing the anisotropic properties of components produced through additive manufacturing (AM).
- Dynamic elastic properties of E-Glass randomly oriented fiber reinforced SR GreenPoxy composite - Experimental and numerical analysisPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Gaspar, Marcelo; Correia, Mário; Vasco, Joel; Capela, Carlos; Rubén, RuiIn this article, the in-plane dynamic elastic properties of an E-glass randomly oriented fiber-reinforced SR GreenPoxy 56 composite were obtained based on the procedure specified in the ASTM E1876-21 standard. The experimental frequencies and the ones predicted by the simulation of the experimental procedure using a finite element analysis developed in the Patran/Nastran 2021 package were used in an iterative algorithm using sensitivity analysis to improve the first approaches of the dynamic elastic properties obtained by the impulse excitation technique. These experimental results are compared with the ones obtained by the 2D Short Fiber Composite model of the E-glass randomly oriented fiber-reinforced SR GreenPoxy 56 composite, developed in the Patran/Nastran 2021 software.
- Establishing a regional industry 4.0 electronics hub: The GreenUpPCB modelPublication . Dionísio, Rogério Pais; Ünal, Irem; Delgado-Prieto, M.; Romeral Martinez, L.This chapter presents GreenUpPCB as a regional Industry 4.0 hub for electronics repair and retrofitting, based in Castelo Branco, Portugal. The initiative combines artificial intelligence, machine vision, 3D printing, and automation to extend the life cycle of obsolete printed circuit boards, particularly in renewable energy systems and railway rolling stock. By promoting circular economy practices and reducing electronic waste, GreenUpPCB supports sustainable and resilient industrial operations. The hub also strengthens regional development by linking academic research with industrial needs, offering training, innovation, and high-tech services to local small- and medium-sized enterprises. Its model enables smart manufacturing adoption in low-density territories without dependence on urban clusters. Aligned with the European Chips Act and national strategies for microelectronics, GreenUpPCB demonstrates how regional hubs can contribute to the green and digital transitions across multiple sectors, including energy and transport.
- Fatigue analysis of sustainable bituminous pavements with artificial and recycled aggregatesPublication . Teijón-López-Zuazo, Evelio; Vega-Zamanillo, Ángel; Santos, C.C.; Gómez-Carrascal, DavidThe circular economy represents a significant opportunity to enhance the mechanical properties of bituminous mixtures, thereby contributing to sustainable development. This research compares the behaviour of traditional bituminous mixtures with sustainable ones that reuse recycled materials, industrial waste products, or additives that improve mechanical or rheological properties. The methodology employed comprised the acquisition of fatigue resistance laws from 4-point bending tests on prismatic specimens. This facilitated the analytical determination of the number of axles of 13 tons that the section of pavement with sustainable material can support for comparison with the axles supported in the conventional mix. The findings corroborate the utilization of sustainable bituminous mixtures in pavement sections, employing the maximum circularity criterion. The fatigue laws calculated must permit the use of different calculation methods or other applications in green infrastructures, such as cycling lanes or pedestrian areas. On sections with an AADT of between 800 and 25 HV/day, all of the analyzed bituminous mixtures with sustainable materials prolong the service life of the road. There were increases in service life of between 25.5% and 6.6%, respectively, which satisfactorily achieved an increase in pavement service life based on the criterion of maximum circularity.
- Utilização de termografia tática no combate a incêndios estruturais: adaptação ao contexto operacional portuguêsPublication . Moreira, Luís C. Ferreira; Santos, C.C.; Starnes, AndrewA termografia infravermelha consolidou-se como uma tecnologia essencial no combate a incêndios estruturais, permitindo detetar ambientes de baixa visibilidade e identificar anomalias térmicas decisivas para a ação tática. Este estudo analisa o funcionamento das câmaras de imagem térmica (CIT), descrevendo os seus componentes, modos de operação e parâmetros críticos, como a resolução, a sensibilidade e a taxa de atualização. Destacam-se as aplicações práticas na leitura espacial, no apoio à decisão, na busca e salvamento e na monitorização de focos de calor. Estudos de incidentes envolvendo bombeiros evidenciam a CIT como uma ferramenta de mitigação de riscos. Contudo, identificam-se algumas limitações relacionadas com a dependência do utilizador, a necessidade de formação e as restrições físicas dos detetores. A eficácia operacional da termografia depende da integração entre equipamento adequado, conhecimento técnico e utilização estratégica nas operações de socorro.