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- Análise comparativa da motricidade global e fina em crianças entre os 24 e os 48 meses.Publication . Adrião, Rafael Filipe Caetano; Rebelo, Miguel; Rocha, João; Farinha, Carlos; Serrano, João; Batista, Marco; Vaz, Vasco; Silva, Manuel Coelho e; Cordovil, Rita; Mendes, RuiEste estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desenvolvimento da motricidade global e fina em crianças entre os 24 e os 48 meses de idade, utilizando a bateria PDMS-2 como instrumento de avaliação. A amostra é composta por 193 crianças distribuídas em três grupos etários: 24 meses (N=22, 27.09±0.7 meses), 36 meses (N=78, 38.12±0.9 meses) e 48 meses (N=93, 49.45±1.1 meses). Foram analisadas as habilidades de Controle Postural, Locomoção, Manipulação de Objetos, Preensão Fina e Integração Visuomotora, agrupadas em dois domínios principais, a motricidade global e a motricidade fina. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis e do teste de Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas, complementados pela medida de efeito épsilon quadrado (ε²). Os resultados revelaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os quocientes motores globais (QMG) e finos (QMF) em todas as faixas etárias (p<0.001), indicando que o desenvolvimento motor fino é superior ao global. Observou-se uma tendência decrescente nos valores do QMG com o aumento da idade (ε² = 0.15), enquanto o QMF se manteve dentro da média normativa (ε² = 0.03), com menor dispersão e maior estabilidade. O Quociente Motor Total (QMT) apresentou uma evolução não linear, reforçando a ideia de que o desenvolvimento motor não ocorre de forma contínua. Estes resultados apontam para um desenvolvimento motor assimétrico entre os domínios global e fino, destacando a motricidade global como mais sensível à idade e ao contexto, e sugerindo a necessidade de estratégias de intervenção específicas para estimular essas competências em idades críticas.
- Changes in metabolic and inflammatory markers after a combined exercise program in workers : a randomized controlled trialPublication . Silva, Fernanda M.; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Ferreira, José Pedro; Carvalho, Eugénia; Monteiro, Diogo; Massart, Alain; Farinha, Carlos; Soares, Carlos M.; Teixeira, AnaPurpose: We investigated the effects of a 16-week combined exercise training on body composition, metabolic and inflammatory markers in sedentary middle-aged workers. We also assessed whether significant alterations in metabolic markers were associated with changes in health-related outcomes. Methods: This randomized controlled trial involved 46 participants randomly allocated into control and exercise groups. The exercise group performed 16-week combined aerobic and resistance training for 75 min/session, 3 times/week. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and after 16-week intervention to determine lipid profile, metabolic and inflammatory markers as primary outcomes. Results: A total of 36 participants completed the intervention (53.70 ± 6.92 years old) (n = 18 in each group). Waist circumference (interaction effect: F = 7.423, p = 0.002), fat mass (interaction effect: F = 5.070, p = 0.011), and muscle mass (interaction effect: F = 5.420, p = 0.007) were improved in the exercise group compared to the control group. Fasting glucose increased after the 16-week follow-up (time effect: F = 73.253, p < 0.001), without an intergroup difference. Insulin levels were greater in the control compared to exercise group (group effect: F = 6.509, p = 0.015). The control group tended to increase the HOMA-IR index (interaction effect: F = 3.493, p = 0.070) and to decrease the QUICKI index (interaction effect: F = 3.364, p = 0.075) to a greater extent compared to the exercise group. Exercise group reduced leptin (interaction effect: F = 11.175, p = 0.002) and adiponectin (interaction effect: F = 4.437, p = 0.043) concentrations in a greater magnitude than control group. IL-6 (time effect: F = 17.767, p < 0.001) and TNF-α (time effect: F = 9.781, p = 0.004) concentrations decreased after the intervention, without an intergroup difference. IL-17A levels increased in the control compared to exercise group (interaction effect: F = 5.010, p = 0.033). Effects on adiponectin, IL-6 and IL-17A levels seem to depend on baseline BMI, age, and sex. Percentage changes in leptin correlated positively with changes in HOMA-IR index in the exercise (r = 0.565, p = 0.015) and control (r = 0.670, p = 0.002) groups. Conclusions: A combined training program can be an effective strategy to improve body composition and inflammatory markers and prevent marked reductions in insulin sensitivity among middle-aged workers.
- Impact of aquatic-based physical exercise programmes on risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in old people: a study protocol of randomized-controlled trialsPublication . Ferreira, José Pedro; Teixeira, Ana; Serrano, João; Farinha, Carlos; Santos, Helder; Silva, Fernanda M.; Rusenhack, Marcio Cascante; Farinha, CarlosCardiometabolic diseases are one of the primary causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and sedentary lifestyles are contributing factors to these pathologies. Physical exercise has been recognized as an important tool in the prevention and treatment of these diseases. However, there are still some doubts about the efficacy of certain type of physical exercise programs for older participants. The main goal of this study is to assess the impact of different aquatic-based physical exercise programs on risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in older people. The study group will consist of non-institutionalized individuals, within the age group of 65 or older. The sample will be randomly divided into four groups, three experimental groups (EG) and one control group (CG). Participants fromthe EGs will be exposed to three physical aquatic-based exercise programs for a period of 28 weeks (continuous aerobic, interval aerobic and combined). The evaluated parameters include anthropometry, physical functions, mental health, cognitive function, carotid arteries intima-media thickness, heart rate variability and biochemical markers. The results will allow an interpretation of the impact of different aquatic-based physical exercise programs on cardiometabolic diseases markers and can also be used as a tool for professionals to prescribe adequate and more efficient physical exercise programs.
- Correlation between the aerobic capacity, grip strength and cognition function and cardiometabolic diseases risk markers in the non-institutionalized old adults: a cross-sectional analysisPublication . Serrano, João; Santos, Helder; Silva, Fernanda M.; Cascante-Rusenhack, Marcio; Paulo, Luís; Ferreira, José Pedro; Farinha, CarlosThe elderly population is constantly growing worldwide. One of the characteristics of aging is the decrease in functional fitness and cognitive function, leading to the appearance of cardiometabolic disorders. Methodology: The aim of this study is to verify the association between aerobic capacity, handgrip strength and cognition with risk markers for cardiometabolic diseases and mental health in community dwelling elderly. The study consists of a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a 28-week randomized controlled trial, with a sample of 102 participants (mean age 72.32 ± 5.25 years). The sample was evaluated for anthropometry, functional fitness, heart rate variability, carotid artery intima and mean thickness (IMT), cognitive function, mental health and biochemical markers. Correlations were evaluated using Pearson's statistical analysis and interpreted according to Cohen's (1988). Results: Statistically significant correlations were found between aerobic capacity (2m-ST) and markers of functional, cardiovascular, biochemical, cognitive function and mental health fitness. Handgrip strength (HG) was statistically significantly correlated with anthropometric measurements, various indicators of functional fitness, biochemical markers, cognitive function, and mental health variables. Finally, cognitive function (MMSE) was correlated with anthropometric measures, functional fitness, cardiovascular and biochemical markers, and mental health. These data suggest that aerobic capacity, handgrip strength and cognitive function may be hypothetically associated with cardiovascular disease risk markers.
- The impact of aquatic exercise programs on the immunologic profile of community dwelling older persons: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Publication . Farinha, Carlos; Ferreira, José Pedro; Serrano, João; Santos, Helder; Oliveiros, Bárbara; Silva, Fernanda M.; Rusenhack, Marcio Cascante; Teixeira, Ana; Farinha, CarlosEvidence shows that physical exercise is important in maintaining an efficient immune system during ageing. However, there are few studies that test the impact of aquatic exercise programs on the immune system. This study aims to analyze the impact of different physical exercise programs in aquatic environment on the systemic hematological and inflammatory markers of community dwelling elderly. One hundred and two elderly were randomly allocated into four groups: a continuous aerobic exercise group (AerG) (n = 25, 71.44 ± 4.84 years); an interval aerobic exercise group (IntG) (n = 28, 72.64 ± 5.22 years); a combined exercise group (ComG) (n = 29, 71.90 ± 5.67 years); a control group (CG) (n = 20, 73.60 ± 5.25 years). The AerG, IntG and ComG participants took part in three different aquatic exercise programs over a 28- weeks period. The CG participants maintained their usual routines during the same time period. Blood samples were collected from all participants in order to access hematologic indicators, by means of cell count, and the inflammatory profile by ELISA. After 28 weeks, significant differences were found for several hematologic variables in the AerG, IntG and ComG with increases in mean corpuscular hemoglobulin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobulin concentration (MCHC), and hemoglobulin (Hb). Decreases in TNF-α levels were found for all exercising groups. An increase in IL-10 levels, granulocytes to lymphocytes ratio (GLR) and a decrease in the TNF-α/IL 10 ratio, were found for the IntG. For the ComG decreases were also found for the TNF-α, IL-1ß/IL-1ra ratios. The present study suggests that aquatic exercise programs were able to improve the inflammatory profile of the participants. Those in the exercise intervention groups showed a shift towards lower pro-inflammatory levels while the non-exercising group showed the opposite behaviour. The IntG and the ComG aquatic exercise programs appeared to be more effective than the AerG program in decreasing chronic low-grade inflammation by mediating the production of higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, the differences found between the exercising groups were small and may not have clinical significance.
- Impact of different aquatic exercise programs on body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function of non-institutionalized elderly adults : a randomized controlled trialPublication . Farinha, Carlos; Teixeira, Ana ; Serrano, João; Santos, Helder; Campos, Maria João; Oliveiros, Bárbara; Silva, Fernanda M.; Rusenhack, Márcio Cascante; Luis, Paulo; Ferreira, José Pedro; Farinha, CarlosAquatic physical exercise programs have become progressively more popular among elderly people. Some of the major physical exercise program disadvantages on land are minimized due to the specific properties of the aquatic environment. The purpose of the present randomized controlled study is to verify the effects of different aquatic physical exercise programs on body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function in non-institutionalized elderly people. For this study, 102 elderly individuals were randomly allocated into four different groups: AerG (n = 25, 71.44 ± 4.84 years); IntG (n = 28, 72.64 ± 5.22 years); ComG (n = 29, 71.90 ± 5.67 years) and CG (n = 20, 73.60 ± 5.25 years). Individuals from the groups AerG, IntG and ComG participated in three different aquatic physical exercise programs for a period of 28 weeks. The CG participants kept to their usual routines. All participants were evaluated for body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function at two time moments, i.e., pre- (M1) and post-intervention (M2). Significant differences for body composition were found between M1 and M2 for FM (p < 0.001), LBM (p < 0.001) and WCir (p < 0.01) in the AerG, for BMI (p < 0.05), FM (p < 0.05), LBM (p < 0.001) and LCir-R (p < 0.05) in the IntG, and for WGT (p < 0.01), FM (p < 0.05), LBM (p < 0.01), LCir-R (p < 0.05) and LCir-L (p < 0.01) in the ComG groups. For functional fitness, differences were found between M1 and M2 for 2m-ST (p < 0.000), 30s-CS (p < 0.000), 30s-AC (p < 0.05), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the AerG, for 2m-ST (p < 0.05), BS-R (p < 0.05), 30s-CS (p < 0.000), 30s-AC(p < 0.01), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the IntG, and for 30s-CS (p < 0.000), HG-T-R (p < 0.000) and HG-T-L (p < 0.000) in the ComG groups. The present study evidenced the beneficial effects of physical exercise in an aquatic environment on body composition, functional fitness and cognitive function in non-institutionalized elderly adults. The ComG water-based exercise program showed more beneficial effects in the improvement of body composition and cognitive function variables, while the IntG and AerG programs were more effective in the improvement of functional fitness.