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Estudo das habilidades motoras em crianças dos 24 aos 48 meses
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O desenvolvimento motor na primeira infância compõe uma etapa crítica para a aquisição de habilidades que sustentam a autonomia, a aprendizagem e a adaptação social. Entre os 24 e os 48 meses, as crianças atravessam uma fase de intensa reorganização neuromotora, sendo essencial compreender como fatores individuais e contextuais influenciam essa trajetória. Esta dissertação integra três estudos complementares com o objetivo de analisar as diferenças entre habilidades motoras globais e finas em crianças dos 24 aos 48 meses de idade, considerando variáveis como o sexo, a presença de irmãos e o tempo de acesso a tecnologias.
A amostra foi composta por 193 crianças, selecionadas por conveniência, provenientes de instituições dos concelhos de Rio Maior e Santarém. A avaliação foi realizada com recurso às escalas Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS-2), validada para a população portuguesa até aos 71 meses. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente através de testes não paramétricos (Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney), cálculo do tamanho de efeito através do epsilon quadrado (ε²) e do Tamanho do Efeito.
No Estudo 1 verificámos que habilidades como locomoção e manipulação de objetos apresentam variações significativas entre os grupos etários, enquanto a preensão fina e o controle postural revelam maior estabilidade. O Estudo 2 demonstra uma superioridade consistente da motricidade fina em relação à motricidade global em todos os grupos etários, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p < 0.001), sugerindo uma evolução assimétrica entre as habilidades motoras. O Estudo 3 revela que as meninas obtiveram melhores resultados em tarefas de precisão e integração visuomotora aos 36 e 48 meses, a presença de irmãos teve impacto positivo na motricidade fina aos 36 meses e o tempo de acesso a tecnologias não apresentou associação negativa com o desempenho motor.
As principais conclusões revelam que o desenvolvimento motor entre os 24 e os 48 meses de idade é influenciado por múltiplos fatores interativos, sendo a motricidade fina mais estável e valorizada em contextos educativos. As PDMS-2 revelou-se uma ferramenta eficiente para apoiar decisões pedagógicas e clínicas, permitindo identificar áreas de risco e orientar intervenções precoces. Esta dissertação destaca a importância de abordagens integradas e contextualizadas no estudo do desenvolvimento motor infantil, contribuindo com evidência empírica relevante para práticas educativas e clínicas.
Abstract: Motor development in early childhood constitutes a critical stage for the acquisition of skills that underpin autonomy, learning, and social adaptation. Between 24 and 48 months, children undergo a phase of intense neuromotor reorganisation, making it essential to understand how individual and contextual factors influence this trajectory. This dissertation integrates three complementary studies with the aim of analysing differences between gross and fine motor skills in children aged 24 to 48 months, considering variables such as sex, the presence of siblings, and time spent accessing technologies. The sample comprised 193 children, selected by convenience, from institutions in the municipalities of Rio Maior and Santarém. Assessment was conducted using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS-2), validated for the Portuguese population up to 71 months. Data were treated statistically through non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney), calculation of effect size using epsilon squared (ε²), and Effect Size. Study 1 found that skills such as locomotion and object manipulation showed significant variations between age groups, whereas fine grasp and postural control revealed greater stability. Study 2 demonstrated a consistent superiority of fine motor skills over gross motor skills across all age ranges, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001), suggesting an asymmetric progression between motor abilities. Study 3 revealed that girls achieved better results in tasks of precision and visuomotor integration at 36 and 48 months, the presence of siblings had a positive impact on fine motor skills at 36 months, and time spent accessing technologies did not show a negative association with motor performance. The main conclusions indicate that motor development between 24 and 48 months of age is influenced by multiple interactive factors, with fine motor skills proving more stable and valued in educational contexts. The PDMS-2 proved to be an efficient tool to support pedagogical and clinical decision-making, enabling the identification of risk areas and guiding early interventions. This dissertation highlights the importance of integrated and contextualised approaches in the study of child motor development, contributing relevant empirical evidence to educational and clinical practice.
Abstract: Motor development in early childhood constitutes a critical stage for the acquisition of skills that underpin autonomy, learning, and social adaptation. Between 24 and 48 months, children undergo a phase of intense neuromotor reorganisation, making it essential to understand how individual and contextual factors influence this trajectory. This dissertation integrates three complementary studies with the aim of analysing differences between gross and fine motor skills in children aged 24 to 48 months, considering variables such as sex, the presence of siblings, and time spent accessing technologies. The sample comprised 193 children, selected by convenience, from institutions in the municipalities of Rio Maior and Santarém. Assessment was conducted using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales – Second Edition (PDMS-2), validated for the Portuguese population up to 71 months. Data were treated statistically through non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis, Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney), calculation of effect size using epsilon squared (ε²), and Effect Size. Study 1 found that skills such as locomotion and object manipulation showed significant variations between age groups, whereas fine grasp and postural control revealed greater stability. Study 2 demonstrated a consistent superiority of fine motor skills over gross motor skills across all age ranges, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001), suggesting an asymmetric progression between motor abilities. Study 3 revealed that girls achieved better results in tasks of precision and visuomotor integration at 36 and 48 months, the presence of siblings had a positive impact on fine motor skills at 36 months, and time spent accessing technologies did not show a negative association with motor performance. The main conclusions indicate that motor development between 24 and 48 months of age is influenced by multiple interactive factors, with fine motor skills proving more stable and valued in educational contexts. The PDMS-2 proved to be an efficient tool to support pedagogical and clinical decision-making, enabling the identification of risk areas and guiding early interventions. This dissertation highlights the importance of integrated and contextualised approaches in the study of child motor development, contributing relevant empirical evidence to educational and clinical practice.
Descrição
Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Atividade Física.
Palavras-chave
Desenvolvimento motor Primeira infância PDMS-2 Motricidade global Motricidade fina Fatores contextuais Motor development Early childhood Gross motor skills Fine motor skills Contextual factors.