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Skeletal age assessed by Greulich-Pyle: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal tennis players

2025Research article Open access
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datacite.subject.fosCiências Médicas
datacite.subject.sdg04:Educação de Qualidade
datacite.subject.sdg05:Igualdade de Género
dc.contributor.authorCelis-Moreno, Jorge M.
dc.contributor.authorMartinho, Diogo V.
dc.contributor.authorSilva, Manuel J. Coelho
dc.contributor.authorFragoso, Isabel
dc.contributor.authorRibeiro, Luís P.
dc.contributor.authorGouveia, Élvio R.
dc.contributor.authorOliveira, Tomás
dc.contributor.authorSantos, João Gonçalves
dc.contributor.authorTavares, Oscar M.
dc.contributor.authorCayolla, Ricardo R.
dc.contributor.authorMendes, Pedro Duarte
dc.contributor.authorKonarski, Jan M.
dc.contributor.authorMalina, Robert M.
dc.contributor.authorMyburgh, Gillian K.
dc.contributor.authorCumming, Sean P.
dc.contributor.authorSherar, Lauren B.
dc.contributor.authorDuarte-Mendes, Pedro
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-22T10:14:52Z
dc.date.available2025-07-22T10:14:52Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.description.abstractThe assessment of biological maturation is a central topic in pediatric exercise sciences. Skeletal age (SA) reflects changes in each bone of the hand and wrist from initial ossification to the adult state. This study examined intra-observer and inter-examiner agreement is Greulich-Pyle (GP) assessments of SA in 97 male tennis players 8.6–16.8 years of age. Two observers independently examined all films on two occasions using the GP method. The SA of each bone was evaluated. The mean and median of SAs assigned for each bone was the individual SA for each participant. The calculation was exclusively based on the bones that were not skeletally mature. Intra-observer mean differences were significant for several bones with better results by the experienced examiner (observer B). Comparisons between SA values of the two independent observers indicated significant differences for the ulna, metacarpals II and III, and distal phalanx V. Nevertheless, the magnitude of the bone-specific differences was small, perhaps trivial. Differences in individual SA values of the tennis players based on the non-mature bones of the hand-wrist were negligible based on the mean (0.04±0.39, t = 0.321, p = 0.749) or the median (0.05±0.58, t = 0.007, p = 0.994). Nevertheless, the current study confirmed examiners as a source of error in the estimation of SA using the Greulich-Pyle method and highlighted the importance of calculating SAs based on non-mature bones among adolescent players.eng
dc.identifier.citationCELIS-MORENO, J.M. [et al.] (2025) Skeletal age assessed by Greulich-Pyle: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal tennis players. PLoS ONE 20(1): e0307305. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307305
dc.identifier.doi10.1371/journal.pone.0307305
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.11/10240
dc.language.isoeng
dc.peerreviewedyes
dc.publisherPLos One
dc.relationThe authors are grateful to the Portuguese Institute of Sports and Youth [IPDJ/FCDEF.UC/2017-01]. Additionally, MJCS, DVM, LPR, TO, JGS are currently members of CIDAF research unit that is supported by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., within the scope of the project UIDP/04213/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/UIDP/04213/2020). Finally, JMCM is granted by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [2023.02523.BD]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
dc.relation.hasversionhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0307305#sec002
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectBiological maturation
dc.subjectSports
dc.subjectpediatric exercise
dc.titleSkeletal age assessed by Greulich-Pyle: Intra-observer and inter-observer agreement among male pubertal tennis playerseng
dc.typeresearch article
dspace.entity.typePublication
oaire.citation.endPage12
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.startPage1
oaire.citation.titlePLoS One
oaire.citation.volume20
oaire.versionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
person.familyNameDuarte-Mendes
person.givenNamePedro
person.identifier.ciencia-idBB19-DC8E-05C7
person.identifier.orcid0000-0001-5055-2696
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationc4872844-d6f5-49d8-891c-a1a13e00ffc6
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryc4872844-d6f5-49d8-891c-a1a13e00ffc6

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