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Publication
Avaliação da capacidade produtiva da pereira ‘Rocha’ no sistema de condução em “duplo-eixo”
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Authors
Abstract(s)
Com o objetivo de estudar e avaliar a capacidade produtiva da pereira ‘Rocha’ no
sistema de condução em duplo-eixo, foram acompanhados quatro pomares já
instalados, um na região da Cova da Beira e os restantes três localizados na região
Oeste, com diferentes idades e densidades de plantação. Para tal, foram marcadas 15
árvores por pomar e, em cada uma delas foram marcados 2 frutos, um por cada eixo,
cujo diâmetro foi medido periodicamente. À colheita, os frutos foram contados e
pesados por árvore por cada árvore individual. Após a colheita as árvores foram
medidas em altura e largura máximas, também individualmente. A avaliação dos
pomares foi efetuada através da obtenção das curvas e das taxas de crescimento do
fruto (ao longo do período de desenvolvimento do fruto) e pela relação entre o peso
médio do fruto e o número de frutos à colheita (expresso em relação à unidade de
volume do espaço ocupado pela árvore; densidade de frutos, frutos/m3). A eficiência
produtiva dos pomares foi expressa de duas formas: em relação à unidade de volume
(kg/m3) e em relação à área (t/ha). A capacidade produtiva foi avaliada por
comparação com os resultados estimados por ferramentas desenvolvidas em pomares
de pera ‘Rocha’ conduzidos em eixo vertical. As diferenças no crescimento do fruto e
nos ganhos de peso diário entre os Pomares 2 e 4 (região do Oeste, Alcobaça) e os
Pomares 1 (região da Cova da Beira, Covilhã) e 3 (região do Oeste, Cadaval) foram
consistentes com os resultados do desempenho da árvore (relação entre o peso médio
do fruto e a densidade de frutos) e da eficiência produtiva. Essa diferença terá sido
devida a condições externas desfavoráveis, nomeadamente, temperaturas excessivas
nas 2ª e 3ª semanas de julho e/ou tecnologias de rega inadequadas. A utilização de uma
ferramenta de “monitorização do crescimento do fruto” teria permitido detetar com
antecedência o mau desempenho dos Pomares 1 e 3. Comparando os resultados
médios observados com os resultados estimados com a ferramenta “diagnóstico do
desempenho do pomar” verificou-se que a capacidade produtiva dos pomares
conduzidos em duplo-eixo, em igualdade de outros fatores, é similar à dos pomares
conduzidos em eixo vertical com o mesmo volume. No entanto, a sebe dos pomares em
duplo-eixo mostrou-se mais eficiente, mas apenas em condições externas não
limitantes. Nestas condições, as árvores conduzidas em duplo-eixo produziram frutos
maiores com maior número de frutos por unidade de volume, ou seja, frutos com
calibres mais homogéneos, provavelmente por darem origem a sebes mais
homogéneas e com melhor distribuição dos frutos.
Abstract: To study the evaluation and the productive capacity of 'Rocha' pear with a double axis training system, four orchards were monitored, one located at the “Cova da Beira” region and three in the “Oeste” region (both regions in Portugal), with different ages and planting densities. For this purpose, 15 trees per orchard were marked, and two fruits were per tree were marked to periodically measuring the diameter. At harvest, total fruits number and production were registered by individual tree. After harvest, the trees were individually measured for maximum height and width. Orchard evaluation was performed by obtaining fruit growth curves and growth rates (along the fruit development period) and by the relationship between the average fruit weight and the number of fruits at harvest (expressed in relation to the tree-space volume unit of fruit density, fruits/m3). Orchard productivity was expressed in relation to tree space volume unit (yield efficiency, kg/m3) and in relation to area (t/ha). Productive capacity was evaluated by comparison with results estimated by tools developed in 'Rocha' pear orchards trained in the vertical axis. Differences in fruit growth and daily weight gains between Orchards 2 and 4 (“Oeste” region, Alcobaça) and Orchards 1 (“Cova da Beira” region Covilhã) and 3 (“Oeste” region, Cadaval) were consistent with tree performance results (relationship between average fruit weight and fruit density) and productive efficiency. This difference may have been due to unfavorable external conditions, namely excessive temperatures in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of July and/or potentially inadequate irrigation technologies. The use of a "fruit growth monitoring" tool would have allowed early detection of poor tree performance in Orchards 1 and 3. Comparing the observed average results with the estimated results using the "orchard performance diagnosis" tool, the productive capacity of orchards trained with the double-axis, seemed to be similar to that of orchards trained with the vertical axis with the same volume, other factors being equal. However, the double-axis hedgerows appear to be more efficient, but only under non-limiting external conditions. Under these conditions, trees trained with the double-axis produced larger fruits with a greater number of fruits per unit volume, i.e., fruits with more homogeneous calibers, probably because they originated more homogeneous hedgerows with a better fruit distribution.
Abstract: To study the evaluation and the productive capacity of 'Rocha' pear with a double axis training system, four orchards were monitored, one located at the “Cova da Beira” region and three in the “Oeste” region (both regions in Portugal), with different ages and planting densities. For this purpose, 15 trees per orchard were marked, and two fruits were per tree were marked to periodically measuring the diameter. At harvest, total fruits number and production were registered by individual tree. After harvest, the trees were individually measured for maximum height and width. Orchard evaluation was performed by obtaining fruit growth curves and growth rates (along the fruit development period) and by the relationship between the average fruit weight and the number of fruits at harvest (expressed in relation to the tree-space volume unit of fruit density, fruits/m3). Orchard productivity was expressed in relation to tree space volume unit (yield efficiency, kg/m3) and in relation to area (t/ha). Productive capacity was evaluated by comparison with results estimated by tools developed in 'Rocha' pear orchards trained in the vertical axis. Differences in fruit growth and daily weight gains between Orchards 2 and 4 (“Oeste” region, Alcobaça) and Orchards 1 (“Cova da Beira” region Covilhã) and 3 (“Oeste” region, Cadaval) were consistent with tree performance results (relationship between average fruit weight and fruit density) and productive efficiency. This difference may have been due to unfavorable external conditions, namely excessive temperatures in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of July and/or potentially inadequate irrigation technologies. The use of a "fruit growth monitoring" tool would have allowed early detection of poor tree performance in Orchards 1 and 3. Comparing the observed average results with the estimated results using the "orchard performance diagnosis" tool, the productive capacity of orchards trained with the double-axis, seemed to be similar to that of orchards trained with the vertical axis with the same volume, other factors being equal. However, the double-axis hedgerows appear to be more efficient, but only under non-limiting external conditions. Under these conditions, trees trained with the double-axis produced larger fruits with a greater number of fruits per unit volume, i.e., fruits with more homogeneous calibers, probably because they originated more homogeneous hedgerows with a better fruit distribution.
Description
Projeto final de mestrado apresentado à Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo
Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia
Agronómica.
Keywords
Pyrus communis L. Eficiência produtiva Monitorização do crescimento do fruto Diagnóstico do desempenho do pomar Productive efficiency Fruit growth monitoring Orchard performance diagnosis