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Yoga e as perturbações do espectro do autismo
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| 7.62 MB | Adobe PDF |
Authors
Abstract(s)
A perturbação do espetro de autismo, é uma patologia do neurodesenvolvimento com uma prevalência cada vez maior, por todo o mundo e em particular em Portugal e nas suas escolas. Esta perturbação caracteriza-se, de acordo com a American Psychiatric Association (2013) no DSM-5, por dificuldades persistentes na comunicação social recíproca e na interação social e por padrões restritos e repetitivos de comportamento, interesses ou atividades, sendo que se pode manifestar apenas através de um destes dois sintomas e em idade precoce.
Assim, este estudo desenvolve-se em torno de um estudo de caso, com uma criança de 10 anos, com o intuito de verificar se a prática regular de yoga, pode potencializar o desenvolvimento de uma criança diagnosticada com esta perturbação, amenizando os sintomas associados à mesma.
A prática do yoga, resulta da união perfeita entre as posturas (ãsanas), a respiração (pranayamas) e a meditação. No entanto, como descreve Goldberg (2013, p. 2), “yoga is more than a series of exercises. Its teachings offer a code of living in harmony among others and within oneself, tools to improve and maintain one’s health, and a system to quiet and focus the mind”.
Começam a surgir variados estudos, desenvolvidos com crianças que apresentam necessidades específicas, como as crianças com perturbação do espetro do autismo, que envolvem a prática de yoga e esses têm mostrado a sua eficácia, bem como a aceitação por parte dessas crianças e os cuidados tidos na inclusão de todas as crianças, com ou sem necessidades específicas, nessa prática.
Para avaliar os efeitos da prática de yoga na criança em estudo, foram aplicadas duas escalas, a escala CARS, utilizada para identificar casos de perturbação do espetro do autismo e a sua intensidade e a escala SDQ, usada para detetar dificuldades associadas à saúde mental infanto-juvenil, relacionadas com problemas de comportamento, hiperatividade, alterações emocionais e dificuldades nas relações com os seus pares. Ambas foram preenchidas pela mãe e um professor do sujeito de estudo, na fase inicial da investigação e na fase final, após nove meses de prática regular, de forma a comparar resultados antes e após a prática de yoga. Foram também realizadas duas entrevistas, uma anamnese com a mãe, na etapa inicial do estudo, de forma a conhecer a criança e a sua história e com a criança, na etapa final, de forma a dar-lhe oportunidade de manifestar o seu parecer. Apesar da avaliação positiva por parte da mãe e da criança, embora pouco significativa, o professor deu um parecer negativo quanto às alterações sentidas na criança, em relação aos sintomas identificados pelo mesmo, no início do estudo.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental pathology with an increasing prevalence all over the world and in particular in Portugal and its schools. This disorder is characterized, according to the American Psychiatric Association (2013) in the DSM-5, by persistent difficulties in reciprocal social communication and social interaction and by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, and can manifest itself only through one of these two symptoms and at an early age. Thus, this study is developed around a case study, with a 10-year-old child, in order to verify if the regular practice of yoga can enhance the development of a child diagnosed with this disorder, alleviating the symptoms associated with it. The practice of yoga results from the perfect union between postures (ãsanas), breathing (pranayamas) and meditation. However, as Goldberg (2013, p. 2) describes, "yoga is more than a series of exercises. Its teachings offer a code of living in harmony among others and within oneself, tools to improve and maintain one's health, and a system to quiet and focus the mind". Various studies are beginning to emerge, developed with children who have specific needs, such as children with autism spectrum disorder, which involve the practice of yoga and these have shown its effectiveness, as well as the acceptance by these children and the care taken in the inclusion of all children, with or without specific needs, in this practice. To evaluate the effects of yoga practice on the child under study, two scales were applied, the CARS scale, used to identify cases of autism spectrum disorder and its intensity, and the SDQ scale, used to detect difficulties associated with child and adolescent mental health, related to behavioral problems, hyperactivity, emotional changes and difficulties in relationships with peers. Both were completed by the mother and a teacher of the study subject, in the initial phase of the investigation and in the final phase, after nine months of regular practice, in order to compare results before and after yoga practice. Two interviews were also conducted, an anamnesis with the mother, in the initial stage of the study, in order to get to know the child and his/her history, and with the child, in the final stage, in order to give him/her the opportunity to express his/her opinion. Despite the positive evaluation by the mother and the child, although not very significant, the professor gave a negative opinion regarding the changes felt in the child, in relation to the symptoms identified by him at the beginning of the study.
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental pathology with an increasing prevalence all over the world and in particular in Portugal and its schools. This disorder is characterized, according to the American Psychiatric Association (2013) in the DSM-5, by persistent difficulties in reciprocal social communication and social interaction and by restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, and can manifest itself only through one of these two symptoms and at an early age. Thus, this study is developed around a case study, with a 10-year-old child, in order to verify if the regular practice of yoga can enhance the development of a child diagnosed with this disorder, alleviating the symptoms associated with it. The practice of yoga results from the perfect union between postures (ãsanas), breathing (pranayamas) and meditation. However, as Goldberg (2013, p. 2) describes, "yoga is more than a series of exercises. Its teachings offer a code of living in harmony among others and within oneself, tools to improve and maintain one's health, and a system to quiet and focus the mind". Various studies are beginning to emerge, developed with children who have specific needs, such as children with autism spectrum disorder, which involve the practice of yoga and these have shown its effectiveness, as well as the acceptance by these children and the care taken in the inclusion of all children, with or without specific needs, in this practice. To evaluate the effects of yoga practice on the child under study, two scales were applied, the CARS scale, used to identify cases of autism spectrum disorder and its intensity, and the SDQ scale, used to detect difficulties associated with child and adolescent mental health, related to behavioral problems, hyperactivity, emotional changes and difficulties in relationships with peers. Both were completed by the mother and a teacher of the study subject, in the initial phase of the investigation and in the final phase, after nine months of regular practice, in order to compare results before and after yoga practice. Two interviews were also conducted, an anamnesis with the mother, in the initial stage of the study, in order to get to know the child and his/her history, and with the child, in the final stage, in order to give him/her the opportunity to express his/her opinion. Despite the positive evaluation by the mother and the child, although not very significant, the professor gave a negative opinion regarding the changes felt in the child, in relation to the symptoms identified by him at the beginning of the study.
Description
Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Educação Especial – Domínio Cognitivo e Motor.
Keywords
Yoga Terapia Perturbação do Espetro do Autismo Escala CARS Escala SDQ Yoga Therapy Autism Spectrum Disorder Scale CARS Scale SDQ