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Tratamentos alternativos em pós-colheita de maçã
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A maçã é um fruto largamente produzido e consumido em grande parte do mundo, assumindo uma importância relevante a nível económico e social em muitas regiões agrícolas, sendo parte integrante da dieta alimentar de uma larga maioria da população mundial. Apesar dos avanços tecnológicos, a cadeia produtiva continua a ter perdas muito significativas por diversos fatores. Os diversos agentes patogénicos têm um papel preponderante nessas quebras de produção e consequentemente na desvalorização da cadeia de valor. A utilização de produtos fitofarmacêuticos no pós-colheita associada a condições eficientes de produção e conservação, tem permitido uma redução muito significativa das perdas que se verificam na ausência destas condições, mas devido ao seu impacto em vários âmbitos, tem-se procurado soluções alternativas à sua utilização. O presente trabalho consistiu na comparação da aplicação de três tratamentos, em maçãs da cultivar Royal Gala do clone Brookfield® em pós-colheita, para combate a diversos agentes patogénicos. Os frutos foram tratados no equipamento drencher, através de um sistema de chuveiro sobre os frutos durante quarenta segundos, com uma solução de fludioxonil (SC) a 0,25%, ácido acético (AC) a 4 mg.L-1, bicarbonato de potássio (BP) a 2% e uma testemunha (TT) não tratada. Posteriormente, os frutos foram conservados em atmosfera controlada dinâmica por seis meses mais quatro semanas em atmosfera normal. A avaliação da aplicação baseou-se na quantificação do peso de fruta rejeitada e pela quebra de peso dos frutos ao longo do processo de conservação e seleção, de acordo com as especificações da empresa. Verificou-se que a quebra de peso por desidratação (QuebraPeso_1) é semelhante entre os tratamentos e a testemunha. As perdas por agentes bióticos (QuebraPeso_2) foram menores nos frutos tratados com fludioxonil com 0,11%, mas pelo contrário o ácido acético apresenta o valor mais elevado, com 1,17% de quebras. Também o bicarbonato apresenta um valor interessante no combate aos agentes patogénicos pelo registo de 0,6% de quebras. Relativamente aos acidentes fisiológicos, o fludioxonil apresenta o pior desempenho com 2,1% e em sentido oposto o acido acético apresenta as quebras mais pequenas, pelo que a realização dos tratamentos pós-colheita pode em parte potenciar o aparecimento de acidentes fisiológicos. A comparação dos quatro tratamentos, em relação às quebras durante o período de conservação (QuebraPeso_Cn) e às quebras de peso face à colheita (QuebraPeso_Total), não apresentou diferenças estatísticas significativas, permitindo concluir que as condições de produção, conservação e manuseamento dos frutos tem um papel fundamental na redução das quebras de fruta dentro das centrais fruteiras
Abstract: The apple is a fruit widely produced and consumed in much of the world, assuming relevant economic and social importance in many agricultural regions, being an integral part of the diet of a large majority of the world's population. Despite technological advances, the production chain continues to experience very significant losses due to several factors, where the various pathogens play a preponderant role in these production losses and consequently in the devaluation of the value chain. The use of plant protection products in postharvest, associated with efficient growing and conservation conditions, has allowed a very significant reduction in losses that occur in the absence of these conditions. However, due to their impact in various areas, alternative solutions have been sought. The present work consisted of comparing the application of three treatments pathogens in post-harvest. The fruits were treated in the drencher equipment, using a shower for forty seconds on the fruits, with a solution of fludioxonil (SC) at 0.25%, acetic acid (AC) at 4 mg.L-1, potassium bicarbonate (BP) at 2%, na untreated control (TT), and subsequently stored in a dynamic controlled atmosphere for six months plus four weeks in a normal atmosphere. The evaluation of the application was based on the quantification in kilograms of rejected fruit and loss of fruit weight throughout the conservation and selection process, in accordance with the company's specifications. It was found that the dehydration (QuebraPeso_1) of the fruits was similar in the control and treatments, regardless of the substance applied. In relation to losses due to biotic agents (QuebraPeso_2), they were lower in fruits treated with fludioxonil with 0.11% losses, compared to acetic acid with 1.17% breaks. Bicarbonate also has an interesting value in controlling pathogens by recording 0.6% of breaks. In relation to physiological accidents, fludioxonil presents the worst performance with 2.1% and in the opposite direction the acetic acid presents the smallest breaks. Therefore, carrying out post-harvest treatments can partly increase physiological disorders. The comparison of the four treatments, in relation to the losses during conservation (QuebraPeso_Cn) and the losses in weight during harvest (QuebraPeso_Total), do not present statistically significant differences, allowing us to conclude that the conditions of production and conservation of the fruits play a fundamental role in the reduction of fruit breaks within fruit packing houses.
Abstract: The apple is a fruit widely produced and consumed in much of the world, assuming relevant economic and social importance in many agricultural regions, being an integral part of the diet of a large majority of the world's population. Despite technological advances, the production chain continues to experience very significant losses due to several factors, where the various pathogens play a preponderant role in these production losses and consequently in the devaluation of the value chain. The use of plant protection products in postharvest, associated with efficient growing and conservation conditions, has allowed a very significant reduction in losses that occur in the absence of these conditions. However, due to their impact in various areas, alternative solutions have been sought. The present work consisted of comparing the application of three treatments pathogens in post-harvest. The fruits were treated in the drencher equipment, using a shower for forty seconds on the fruits, with a solution of fludioxonil (SC) at 0.25%, acetic acid (AC) at 4 mg.L-1, potassium bicarbonate (BP) at 2%, na untreated control (TT), and subsequently stored in a dynamic controlled atmosphere for six months plus four weeks in a normal atmosphere. The evaluation of the application was based on the quantification in kilograms of rejected fruit and loss of fruit weight throughout the conservation and selection process, in accordance with the company's specifications. It was found that the dehydration (QuebraPeso_1) of the fruits was similar in the control and treatments, regardless of the substance applied. In relation to losses due to biotic agents (QuebraPeso_2), they were lower in fruits treated with fludioxonil with 0.11% losses, compared to acetic acid with 1.17% breaks. Bicarbonate also has an interesting value in controlling pathogens by recording 0.6% of breaks. In relation to physiological accidents, fludioxonil presents the worst performance with 2.1% and in the opposite direction the acetic acid presents the smallest breaks. Therefore, carrying out post-harvest treatments can partly increase physiological disorders. The comparison of the four treatments, in relation to the losses during conservation (QuebraPeso_Cn) and the losses in weight during harvest (QuebraPeso_Total), do not present statistically significant differences, allowing us to conclude that the conditions of production and conservation of the fruits play a fundamental role in the reduction of fruit breaks within fruit packing houses.
Descrição
Dissertação apresentado à Escola Superior Agraria do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Agronómica.
Palavras-chave
Fludioxonil Ácido acético Bicarbonato de potássio Doenças de conservação Acetic acid Potassium bicarbonate Postharvest diseases