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Reparação e substituição – direito à não privação nas relações de consumo: solução de Iure Condendo
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
A Lei da Defesa do Consumidor em Portugal não constitui uma temática inovadora, o diploma continua a gerar quer na jurisprudência, quer na doutrina controvérsias várias.
Numa relação de consumo em que intervêm duas partes, há uma relação notória de desequilíbrio e desigualdade na qual o consumidor é tido como a parte mais vulnerável, apesar dos vários diplomas que pontualmente vão limando essa posição desigual.
Atualmente, dada a globalização do comércio e imediatez com que as relações de consumo ocorrem, mantendo a atual definição de bens de consumo, sem atribuir a determinados bens um regime mais protecionista no sentido de lhes atribuir um “estatuto” diferenciado no que diz respeito à hierarquia de direitos e à sua não privação, a relação de desequilíbrio acentua-se com uma degradação profunda no que a direitos de reparação e substituição diz respeito.
Quanto ao regime da reparação e substituição, verificámos uma linearidade quanto a conceito de bem que deve ser afastado parcialmente e complementado com uma hierarquização de bens quanto à sua classificação por forma a que determinados bens sejam identificados como essenciais, e com isso tenhamos um regime diferenciado quanto à proteção do consumidor.
O consumidor, a parte mais “fraca” em qualquer relação de consumo, muitas vezes é “desprezado” e sem grandes opções de imediato usar os seus direitos, conferidos pelos normativos em vigor. Normativos que tendencialmente são mais protecionistas para o produtor e toda uma cadeia prestadora de serviço no qual o bem acaba por ser o fim último do consumidor, mas para o produtor, acaba por ver nessa relação apenas
mais uma de várias relações na qual pouca confiança deposita no bem em si, mas na quantidade que pode proporcionar ao mesmo consumidor ou a vários, apenas pela prossecução do lucro em detrimento da qualidade.
As relações de consumo, baseiam-se em premissas da confiança e na boa-fé, todavia, tal subversão surge pelos obstáculos que muitas vezes surgem ao consumidor na altura de fazer valer os seus direitos.
Obstáculos esses que muitas vezes culminam numa privação do bem, que reputamos de essenciais, que em tudo condiciona o dia a dia de uma pessoa, com prejuízo “intangível”. Em termos legislativos, enfrentamos quanto aos bens de consumo, quase como que meras transposições de directivas UE, quando o legislador observando o espírito das mesmas pelos considerandos tem a liberdade de ir mais longe e criar relações de
consumo mais fortes e consolidar um regime de proteção ao consumidor mais eficiente e eficaz por forma a que os consumidores obtenham dentro da sua expectativa, a confiança que deve nortear todas as relações de consumo e que nela tenham a segurança de em determinados bens, essenciais, uma proteção diferenciadora, que na verdade não é uma alteração legislativa vedada aos Estados-Membros, mas sim, a acontecer, um ganho para os seus consumidores.
Abstract: The Consumer Defense Law in Portugal is not a groundbreaking issue, and the law continues to generate controversy in both case law and doctrine. In a consumer relationship in which two parties are involved, there is a notorious relationship of imbalance and inequality in which the consumer is seen as the more vulnerable party, despite the various pieces of legislation that have punctually removed this unequal position. Currently, given the globalization of trade and the immediacy with which consumer relations take place, maintaining the current definition of consumer goods, without giving certain goods a more protectionist regime in the sense of giving them a differentiated "status" in terms of the hierarchy of rights and their non-deprivation, the relationship of imbalance is accentuated with a profound degradation in terms of repair and replacement rights. With regard to the repair and replacement regime, we have seen a linearity with regard to the concept of goods, which should be partially removed and complemented with a hierarchization of goods in terms of their classification so that certain goods are identified as essential, and with this we have a differentiated regime with regard to consumer protection. The consumer, the "weaker" party in any consumer relationship, is often "disregarded" and without many options to immediately use their rights, conferred by the regulations in force. Regulations that tend to be more protectionist for the producer and a whole chain of service providers in which the good ends up being the consumer's ultimate goal, but for the producer, he ends up seeing this relationship as just another of several relationships in which he has little confidence in the good itself, but rather in the quantity that he can provide to the same consumer or to several, just for the sake of profit to the detriment of quality. Consumer relations are based on the premise of trust and good faith, but this is subverted by the obstacles that often arise for consumers when it comes to asserting their rights. Obstacles that often culminate in the deprivation of a good, which we consider essential, and which affects a person's day-to-day life to an intangible degree. In legislative terms, we are faced with consumer goods that are almost like mere transpositions of EU directives, when the legislator, observing the spirit of the directives through the recitals, has the freedom to go further and create stronger consumer relations and consolidate a more efficient and effective consumer protection regime so that consumers get what they expect, the trust that should guide all consumer relations and that they have the security of differentiated protection for certain essential goods, which is not actually a legislative change forbidden to the Member States, but rather, if it happens, a gain for their consumers.
Abstract: The Consumer Defense Law in Portugal is not a groundbreaking issue, and the law continues to generate controversy in both case law and doctrine. In a consumer relationship in which two parties are involved, there is a notorious relationship of imbalance and inequality in which the consumer is seen as the more vulnerable party, despite the various pieces of legislation that have punctually removed this unequal position. Currently, given the globalization of trade and the immediacy with which consumer relations take place, maintaining the current definition of consumer goods, without giving certain goods a more protectionist regime in the sense of giving them a differentiated "status" in terms of the hierarchy of rights and their non-deprivation, the relationship of imbalance is accentuated with a profound degradation in terms of repair and replacement rights. With regard to the repair and replacement regime, we have seen a linearity with regard to the concept of goods, which should be partially removed and complemented with a hierarchization of goods in terms of their classification so that certain goods are identified as essential, and with this we have a differentiated regime with regard to consumer protection. The consumer, the "weaker" party in any consumer relationship, is often "disregarded" and without many options to immediately use their rights, conferred by the regulations in force. Regulations that tend to be more protectionist for the producer and a whole chain of service providers in which the good ends up being the consumer's ultimate goal, but for the producer, he ends up seeing this relationship as just another of several relationships in which he has little confidence in the good itself, but rather in the quantity that he can provide to the same consumer or to several, just for the sake of profit to the detriment of quality. Consumer relations are based on the premise of trust and good faith, but this is subverted by the obstacles that often arise for consumers when it comes to asserting their rights. Obstacles that often culminate in the deprivation of a good, which we consider essential, and which affects a person's day-to-day life to an intangible degree. In legislative terms, we are faced with consumer goods that are almost like mere transpositions of EU directives, when the legislator, observing the spirit of the directives through the recitals, has the freedom to go further and create stronger consumer relations and consolidate a more efficient and effective consumer protection regime so that consumers get what they expect, the trust that should guide all consumer relations and that they have the security of differentiated protection for certain essential goods, which is not actually a legislative change forbidden to the Member States, but rather, if it happens, a gain for their consumers.
Description
Dissertação de Mestrado apresentado à Escola Superior de Gestão de Idanha-a-Nova do Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Solicitadoria Empresarial.
Keywords
Consumidor Produtor Reparação e substituição Direito à não privação Consumer Producer Repair and replacement Right to freedom from deprivation