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- Caraterização mecânica do aço S 355 a temperatura elevadaPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Nobre, Telmo; Ferreira, J.A.M.No presente trabalho pretende-se efetuar a caracterização mecânica do aço S 355 AR, EN 10025-4, a alta temperatura. A avaliação rigorosa da variação da tensão de cedência, do módulo de Young, do módulo de encruamento, do calor específico e do coeficiente de dilatação térmica, com a temperatura é essêncial na simulação numérica da distorção e das tensões residuais induzidas por campos térmicos. Embora esta informação esteja disponível em alguns códigos estruturais, como o Eurocódigo 3 parte 1.2, ela não inclui o efeito da composição química e da microestrutura. O aço S 355 AR é um material bastante utilizado em estruturas soldadas, onde a avaliação de distorções e tensões residuais é um problema usual. A caracterização mecânica do aço S 355 AR, EN 10025-4, foi obtida através de ensaios de tração isotérmicos realizados a temperaturas até 600 °C, por Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC) realizada até à temperatura de 950 °C e por Análise Termomecânica (TMA) conduzida até aos 1350 °C. Os resultados obtidos diferem significativamente dos valores apresentados na parte 1.2 do Eurocódigo 3, para um aço ferrítico genérico.
- Crack growth in simulated residual stress fields on tungsten inert gas dressed welded joints: a 2d approachPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Ferreira, J.A.M.In this paper is presented a 2D finite element model to predict the residual stresses generated by Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) dressing at the weld toe of a T-joint. The welded T-joints, made of S355AR steel, are obtained by covered electrode process and improved with TIG dressing. The analysis was developed with the MSC.Marc finite element code. The estimated stress field is validated with experimental stress results obtained using X-ray diffraction. Over the estimated residual stress field is simulated the growth of fatigue cracks. The simulation is performed with the virtual crack closure technique, implemented in the MSC.Marc software. The obtained results are compared with the integration solutions of the Paris-Erdogan law, without influence of residual stresses, where the stress intensity factor is obtained using the Mk factor proposed by Bowness and Lee, included in BS 7910 standard. The numerical predictions are also compared with experimental results.
- A numerical study of non-linear crack tip parametersPublication . Antunes, F.V.; Branco, R.; Correia, Luís M.; Ramalho, ArmandoCrack closure concept has been widely used to explain different issues of fatigue crack propagation. However, different authors have questioned the relevance of crack closure and have proposed alternative concepts. The main objective here is to check the effectiveness of crack closure concept by linking the contact of crack flanks with non-linear crack tip parameters. Accordingly, 3D-FE numerical models with and without contact were developed for a wide range of loading scenarios and the crack tip parameters usually linked to fatigue crack growth, namely range of cyclic plastic strain, crack tip opening displacement, size of reversed plastic zone and total plastic dissipation per cycle, were investigated. It was demonstrated that: i) LEFM concepts are applicable to the problem under study; ii) the crack closure phenomenon has a great influence on crack tip parameters decreasing their values; iii) the ΔKeff concept is able to explain the variations of crack tip parameters produced by the contact of crack flanks; iv) the analysis of remote compliance is the best numerical parameter to quantify the crack opening level; v) without contact there is no effect of stress ratio on crack tip parameters. Therefore it is proved that the crack closure concept is valid.
- Simulação do crescimento de fendas em juntas soldadas: influência de campos de tensões residuaisPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Ferreira, J.A.M.Neste artigo é apresentado um modelo de elementos finitos tridimensional para prever o crescimento de fendas no pé do cordão de juntas soldadas em T. O modelo é desenvolvido sobre o software MSC.marc. A vida de fadiga é estimada por integração da lei de Paris-Erdogan. Os fatores de intensidade de tensão são obtidos pela técnica do fecho virtual de fenda (“virtual crack closure technique”), VCCT, implementada no software MSC.marc. É analisada a influência das tensões residuais geradas por deformação plástica no pé do cordão, na velocidade de propagação da fenda. Observou-se que a existência de campos de tensões residuais de compressão provoca um retardamento do crescimento de fenda.
- Retrofitting of welded structures by TIG and Plasma DressingPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Ferreira, J.A.M.Due to economic and environmental constrains, the currently trend is to use the welded structures beyond their design lives. The predominant cause of in service failure of these aged structures is the fatigue of the welded joints. The use of improvement techniques in welded joints, as a repair technique, has been suggested by several authors. TIG dressing is one of the most promising of these repair techniques. However, the effectiveness of TIG remelting is closely linked to the depth of the repaired crack. The use of strain gauges can be effective to detect the presence of fatigue cracks in their initial phase of propagation, however their effectiveness in inspection programs on jobsite needs to be proven. Some TIG variants associated to recent technological innovations of fusion arc welding, are appointed to improve the penetration and the sustainability of the remelting process. In this article are presented some results of the work developed by the authors in the last years, relevant to assess the efficiency of sustainable repair, by TIG and plasma dressing, of welded structures. Relevance is given to the repair, complete or defective, of deep cracks, as well as the possible advantage of using TIG variants.
- A parameter for quantitative analysis of plasticity induced crack closurePublication . Antunes, F.V.; Correia, Luís M.; Ramalho, ArmandoNumerical models have been successfully developed to predict plasticity induced crack closure (PICC). However, despite the large research effort a full understanding of the links between physical parameters, residual plastic wake and PICC has not been achieved yet. The plastic extension of material behind crack tip, Dyp, obtained by the integration of vertical plastic deformation perpendicularly to crack flank, is proposed here to quantify the residual plastic field. The values of Dyp and PICC were obtained numerically in a M(T) specimen using the finite element method. An excellent correlation was found between PICC and Dyp which indicates that this parameter controls the phenomenon, and can be used to quantify the effect of physical parameters. An empirical model was developed to predict PICC assuming that the residual plastic field is a set of vertical plastic wedges, that the linear superposition principle applies and that the influence of a particular wedge exponentially decreases with distance to crack tip. The model was applied successfully to predict PICC for different residual plastic fields which provided an additional validation of Dyp as the parameter controlling PICC.
- Simulation of crack growth in T-welded joints: residual stress field effectPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Ferreira, J.A.M.In this article, a three-dimensional finite element model is used to predict the growth of cracks at the weld toe of a T-joint. The model is developed using the MSC Marc software. Fatigue life is estimated by integrating the Paris-Erdogan law and the stress intensity factors are obtained by the virtual crack closure technique. The influence of residual stresses generated by plastic deformation at the weld toe on the crack propagation speed is analyzed. The existence of residual compression stress fields causes a delay in crack growth. The obtained results are compared with the integration solutions of the Paris-Erdogan law using the stress intensity factor computed through the Mk factor proposed by Bowness and Lee, included in BS 7910 standard.
- Simulation of crack growth in residual stress fields of pre-fatigued T-welded joints repaired by tungsten inert gas: a 3D approachPublication . Ramalho, Armando; Antunes, F.V.; Ferreira, J.A.M.In this article, a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) is used to predict the crack growth at the weld toe of a pre-fatigued T-joint that was repaired with a remelting technique. The numerical models were developed using the MSC.Marc software. Fatigue life is estimated by integrating the Paris-Erdogan law. The stress intensity factors are obtained by the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT). The T-welded joints, made of S355 steel, are obtained by covered electrode process and pre-cracked by fatigue. These welded joints were repaired by TIG dressing. The stress field generated by this dressing technique was estimated using a FEM model, presented in authors’ previous works. For the crack growth was used the VCCT three-dimensional model recently presented by the authors to predict the effect of overloads. The pre-existence of an elliptical crack at the weld toe, with a depth of 0.5 mm was considered. It is also studied the growth of pre-existing cracks which have been poorly repaired. It was observed that the TIG dressing produce residual compression stress fields on the weld toe that causes a delay in crack growth. The obtained results are compared with experimental ones. The fatigue’s lives obtained by simulations with the numerical model presented in this paper allows to evaluate the application conditions of TIG remelting technique in the repair of pre-cracked welded joints.
- Plasticity induced crack closure: a sensitivity analysisPublication . Correia, Luís M.; Antunes, F.V.; Ramalho, ArmandoPlasticity induced crack closure (PICC) is closely linked to the monotonic and reversed plastic deformation occurring at the crack tip. The objective of the paper is to identify the different physical and numerical parameters affecting PICC, and develop a sensitivity analysis to quantify their relative importance. The main parameters affecting PICC are the load parameters, the yield stress, the size of finite elements and the numerical parameter considered to quantify PICC. The numerical predictions should be independent of numerical parameters, therefore further work is required to optimize the numerical models