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- Differences in the Development of Motor Skills in Portuguese Children Aged 12 Months after 3 Years of COVID-19 ConfinementPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Paulo, Rui; Honório, Samuel; Petrica, João; Batista, Marco; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Marques, Catarina; Serrano, João(1) Background: The objective of the study was to verify the effects of COVID-19 confinement on motor skills through a longitudinal study in Portuguese children who were one year old at the beginning of the pandemic. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 88 children of both sexes, in the pre-COVID-19 assessment, they were 13.31 ± 2.4 months old and in the post-COVID-19 assessment, the same children were already 49.31 ± 2.5 months old. Motor skills were assessed using the PDMS-2 scales. For the statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to test normality, and the Wilcoxon test was used to compare the results of the two assessments in the same sample. (3) Results:There were statistically significant differences in all motor skills assessed, with children presenting, on average, worse results in all global motor skills in the post-COVID-19 assessment, as opposed to fine motor skills, showing better results in the post-COVID-19 assessment. (4) Conclusions: These results show the negative impact of the pandemic on children evaluated with a special emphasis on global motor skills, with the majority demonstrating values considered below average for their age, noting that the pandemic protocols may have had serious consequences on children’s motor development, warning professionals who deal daily with children in these age groups about the importance of stimulating global motor skills.
- Influência da amamentação no desenvolvimento motor de crianças dos 12 aos 48 mesesPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Paulo, Rui; Marinho, DanielO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existem diferenças no desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras (global e fina) comparando crianças que foram ou não amamentadas por leite materno. A amostra é de 204 crianças de ambos os sexos (33,22 ± 5,98 meses), 106 amamentadas por leite materno (33,59 ± 4,92 meses) e 98 não amamentadas por leite materno (32,81 ± 6,95 meses). As habilidades motoras foram avaliadas usando as escalas da PDMS-2. Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o teste de Kolmogorov- Smirnov para testar a normalidade, o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas habilidades de locomoção (p = 0,012), manipulação de objetos (p = 0,042), manipulação fina (p = 0,000), integração visuo-motora (p = 0,000) e na Motricidade Global (p = 0,026). As crianças amamentadas apresentaram, em média, melhores resultados nas habilidades motoras globais e as que não foram amamentadas por leite materno nas habilidades motoras finas. Estes resultados mostram que o leite materno, devido aos seus benefícios nutricionais, imunológicos, psicológicos e sociais, torna a criança mais "forte" a nível motor global (correr, saltar, lançar, pontapear), já as sem leite materno apresentaram melhores resultados nas habilidades motoras finas, provavelmente pela necessidade inicial que estes têm na manipulação inicial dos movimentos finos ao manusear a biberão.
- Diferenças nas habilidades motoras em crianças entre os 12 e os 23 meses, considerando o tempo da amamentaçãoPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Petrica, João; Faustino, António; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Paulo, Rui; Marinho, DanielO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existem diferenças no desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras (globais e finas) comparando crianças que ainda eram amamentadas por leite materno com as que já não eram ou nunca foram amamentadas. A amostra é de 153 crianças de ambos os sexos (18,22±2,98 meses), 58 ainda são amamentadas por leite materno (17,59±1,92 meses) e 95 já não são amamentadas por leite materno ou nunca foram (19,81±2,95 meses). As habilidades motoras foram avaliadas usando as escalas da PDMS-2. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas habilidades de locomoção, manipulação fina, integração visuo-motora e na Motricidade Fina. As crianças ainda amamentadas apresentaram, em média, melhores resultados em todas as habilidades motoras, com mais enfase nas habilidades motoras finas. Estes resultados mostram que continuar a amamentar a criança com leite materno pode trazer benefícios, não só nutricionais, imunológicos, psicológicos e sociais(1), mas também na competência motora. O que reforça a sugestão da OMS da importância de continuar-se a implementar medidas que promovam um maior sucesso do aleitamento materno(1), nomeadamente na duração da amamentação após os 6 meses de idade(2).
- Effect of siblings and type of delivery on the development of motor skills in the first 48 months of lifePublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Paulo, Rui; Marinho, DanielThis study aimed to verify whether the presence of siblings and the type of delivery had an influence on the motor skills development of children in the first 48 months of life. We developed a quantitative study with a sample of 405 children of both genders, divided according to the studied variables: children with siblings, children without siblings, children born via eutocic delivery, and children born via dystocic delivery. The instrument used in the study was the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2. Overall, the results indicated that children who had siblings had, on average, better outcomes regarding all motor skills (global and fine). Furthermore, those born via eutocic delivery, on average, had better outcomes regarding all motor skills (global and fine) when compared to children born via dystocic delivery. Thus, the presence of siblings in the family context and the type of delivery positively influenced motor development, especially after 24 months of age, showing that the presence of siblings providing cooperative activities through play and challenges improved cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. Furthermore, a eutocic delivery, in addition to providing a better recovery from labor and the immediate a ective bond between mother and child, also led to better results in terms of global and fine motor skills.
- Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the portuguese peabody developmental motor scales - 2 edition: a study with children aged 12 to 48 monthsPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Monteiro, Diogo; Paulo, Rui; Marinho, DanielThe purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Peabody Developmental Motor Scales II (PDMS-2-Folio and Fewell, 2000) using a Portuguese sample. The validation of the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 was applied according to the manual, for 392 children, from two institutions, from 12 to 48 months, with an analysis of the internal consistency (α Cronbach), of test–retest reliability (ICC) and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis). The results of the confirmatory factorial analysis (χ2 = 55.614; df = 4; p = 0.06; χ2/df =13.904; SRMR (Standardized Root Mean Square Residual) = 0.065; CFI (Comparative Fit Index) = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) = 0.068) of two factors (Gross Motor and Fine Motor) as the original version but correlated. Most of the subtests had good internal consistency (α = 0.85) and good test–retest stability (ICC = 0.98 to 0.99). The results indicated that the Portuguese version of the PDMS-2 is adequate and valid for assessing global and fine motor skills in children aged 12 to 48 months, and can be used as a reference tool by health and education professionals to assess motor skills and, thus, allowing to detect maladjustments, deficiencies or precocity, so that children can later receive appropriate intervention.
- Desenvolvimento motor da criança: relação entre habilidades motoras globais, habilidades motoras finas e idadePublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Paulo, Rui; Marinho, DanielO presente estudo sobre o desenvolvimento Motor da criança nos primeiros meses de vida, teve como objetivo verificar a relação entre as Habilidades Motoras e a Idade, e a relação entre as habilidades motoras Globais e Finas em crianças dos 12 aos 46 meses. Para o efeito, desenvolvemos um estudo de natureza quantitativa, com uma amostra de 405 crianças com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 46 meses, de ambos os géneros. Os instrumentos usados no estudo foram as Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 (PDMS-2). Em termos globais os resultados indicam que existe uma tendência para correlações positivas (maioritariamente moderadas e baixas) entre as variáveis Idade, Habilidades Motoras Globais e Habilidades Motoras Finas, salientando a correlação positiva moderada (p≤0.05; r2=0.265; 0.5≤ r ≤0.7) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Fina e por sua vez uma correlação positiva pequena (p≤0.05; r2=0.217; 0.1≤ r ≤ 0.3) entre a Idade e a Motricidade Global. Podemos assim contatar, uma melhoria destas habilidades à medida que as crianças vão crescendo, salientando melhores resultados na Motricidade Fina.
- The importance of oriented physical activity in the first 48 months : differences in motor skillsPublication . Rebelo, Miguel; Serrano, João; Paulo, Rui; Duarte-Mendes, Pedro; Santos, Jorge; Honório, Samuel; Petrica, JoãoBackground: The importance of physical activity in the first months of age is well known, however, with the evolution of the urban environment, the excessive workload of parents and the excessive time in growing up in kindergartens has limited this same free practice and little has been studied about this issue. In Portugal, there are institutions that provide oriented physical activity for their children, however, this is optional, which may create disadvantages in children’s motor skills in these ages. Objective: The objective of the study isto verify if there are differences in the development of motor skills (global and fine) comparing children between 12 and 48 months who practice oriented physical activity (OPA) and children who do not. Methods: Participated in this study, 400 children of both genders (28.14 ± 7.23 months). Two groups were created (the group that had oriented physical activity (30 min long and 2 times a week) and the group that didn’t have oriented physical activity). For a better understanding they were divided into 3 age groups (12–23, 24–35 and 36–48 months). Motor skills were assessed using the PDMS-2 scales, for 6 months, following the instrument’s application standards. Results: In a first analysis, we found that the majority of children only start to practice oriented physical activity in institutions from 36 months of age, however, it is in the first months (from 12 to 35) that the greatest differences between the two groups can occur. The OPA group presented better results according to the mean values, in all motor skills. Differences between groups were most noticeable in Postural, locomotion and fine manipulation Skills (showing effect size: moderate and low). Conclusions: We can conclude that a practice of oriented physical activity in the first 48 months is fundamental to the development of motor skills. It is in the first months (up to 36) that there are greater differences, but it is also where there are less children carrying out guided physical activity. This is an important factor, and is determinant to make institutions aware of this importance of this variable in child development.