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- Physicochemical and sensorial characterization of honey spiritsPublication . Anjos, O.; Frazão, David F.; Caldeira, IldaDistilled spirits are usually made from fermented sugar-based materials, such as wines or fermented fruits, but other products can be used, namely berries or honey. In this work, an evaluation of honey spirits is done based on its physicochemical and sensory characteristics. Fourteen honey spirit samples of different brands of honey spirit were purchased at the market and from artisan Portuguese producers. Several analytical determinations, namely alcoholic strength, dry matter, density, total acidity, chromatic characteristics, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and higher alcohols were done to characterize all samples. The results pointed out several differences in physicochemical composition of samples. In general, these drinks are characterized by an alcohol strength between 37.4% and 53.0% and a low methanol content, quite null for most samples. Samples with higher ethanol content corresponded to the artisanal samples. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were also observed in the volatile composition and chromatic characteristics suggesting different production technologies. A first list of sensory attributes was obtained for this beverage. Therefore, further research must be done in order to characterize this spirit drink, which has gained market value.
- Application of FTIR-ATR Spectroscopy for the quality control of wine spirits, brandies and grape marc spiritsPublication . Anjos, O.; Caldeira, IldaThis study attempted to apply a rapid method for the determination of methanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate in wine spirits, brandies and grape marc spirits, using Fourier Transform Infrared – Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Spectroscopy.
- Caracterização do perfil de compostos voláteis em aguardentes de melPublication . Anjos, O.; Caldeira, IldaCaracterização do perfil de compostos voláteis em aguardentes de mel.
- Variation of extractable compounds and lignin contents in wood fragments used in the aging of wine brandiesPublication . Anjos, O.; Carmona, Clarisse Pires; Caldeira, Ilda; Canas, SaraAging systems of wine brandies have been a target of investigation to reduce the costs and aging time. In this study, the extractives and Klason lignin contents of wood fragments used in the aging of wine brandies in stainless steel tanks were evaluated. Two types of wood fragments, known as staves and tablets, and two wood botanical species, Limousin oak (Quercus robur L. from the Limousin region of France) and Portuguese chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), with heavy toasting levels were used. The wood extractive and Klason lignin contents were analyzed before and 30 months after the aging of wine brandy. The results showed that the chestnut wood presented the highest content of extractives, while the Klason and total lignin contents were higher in the oak wood. A highly significant effect from the tablets was found on the extractives and Klason lignin contents, while the soluble lignin content was more affected by the staves. Oxygenation of the wine brandies during the aging process negatively affected the release of extractives and lignin from the wood to the brandy, and therefore will impact the overall quality of the brandy.
- A inovação e a tradição a partir de destilados vínicos: licor de mirtilo e aguardente de zimbroPublication . Lopes, Daniel; Nunes, Daniela; Anjos, O.; Caldeira, IldaA inovação e a tradição a partir de destilados vínicos: licor de mirtilo e aguardente de zimbro.
- FTIR–ATR spectroscopy applied to quality control of grape-derived spiritsPublication . Anjos, O.; Santos, António J.; Estevinho, Leticia M.; Caldeira, IldaThe Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was used for predicting the alcoholic strength, the methanol, acetaldehyde and fusel alcohols content of grape-derived spirits. FTIR-ATR spectrum in the mid-IR region (4000-400 cm(-1)) was used for the quantitative estimation by applying partial least square (PLS) regression models and the results were correlated with those obtained from reference methods. In the developed method, a cross-validation with 50% of the samples was used for PLS analysis along with a validation test set with 50% of the remaining samples. Good correlation models with a great accuracy were obtained for methanol (r(2)=99.4; RPD=12.8), alcoholic strength (r(2)=97.2; RPD=6.0), acetaldehyde (r(2)=98.2; RPD=7.5) and fusel alcohols (r(2) from 97.4 to 94.1; RPD from 6.2 to 4.1). These results corroborate the hypothesis that FTIR-ATR is a useful technique for the quality control of grape-derived spirits, whose practical application may improve the efficiency and quickness of the current laboratory analysis.
- Single-laboratory validation of determination of acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, methanol and fusel alcohols in wine, spirits, brandies and grape marc spirits using GC-FIDPublication . Luís, Ana das Neves; Mota, Deolinda; Anjos, O.; Caldeira, IldaThis work presents the determination of principal volatile compounds (acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, methanol, 2-butanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl- 1-propanol, 2-propen-1-ol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol) in wine spirits, brandies and grape marc spirits by GC-FID. The method was evaluated in terms of suitability of chromatographic system, accuracy, precision, linearity and detection and quantifi cation limits. The method showed good accuracy for the majority of the compounds and it presented linearity and precision for all compounds. Based on these results the method seems suitable for quality control of marc spirits and wine spirits.
- First approach to the characterization of a traditional alcoholic drink "Aguardente de Zimbro"Publication . Nunes, Daniela; Anjos, O.; Caldeira, IldaThe alcoholic drink called “aguardente de zimbro” is normally presented at touristic documentation about “Serra da Estrela” and included in the food heritage of the region. However, there is a lack of technical and scientific information about this beverage. This work intends to achieve a first characterization of this product concerning its technology, and its sensory properties and physico-chemical characteristics. A few number of commercial samples of this product and other alcoholic beverages made with juniper were analyzed. It was performed several analytical determinations to the samples, namely alcoholic strength, dry matter, total acidity, fixed acidity, volatile acidity, pH, chromatic characteristics, methanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate in order to characterize analytically the juniper spirits, namely the Portuguese ones. It was also done the descriptive sensory analysis of the beverages. Based on the results the three Portuguese commercial beverages “Aguardente de zimbro”, which are currently in the market, seem to be made from three different alcoholic distillates (grape marc spirit, wine spirit and arbutus spirit). The three commercial beverages presented a yellowish colour. However, the three beverages presented a quite different flavour profile, so further research is needed in order to establish and understand the sensory profile of the traditional beverage.
- Avaliação da robustez de modelos derivativos PLS-R em espectroscopia usando o número de pontos da suavização espectralPublication . Delgado, Teresa; Santos, António J.; Caldeira, Ilda; Anjos, O.Avaliação da robustez de modelos derivativos PLS-R em espectroscopia usando o número de pontos da suavização espectral.
- Sensory impact of alternative ageing technology for the production of wine brandiesPublication . Caldeira, Ilda; Anjos, O.; Belchior, A. Pedro; Canas, SaraThe production of wine brandies requires their stage in wooden barrels, for a minimum period of time, a process called ageing or maturation. Due to the high cost of this process, alternative technologies are being studied in order to accelerate the ageing process, such as the use of wood fragments inside of stainless steel tanks. The present work evaluates the influence of different ageing technologies on the sensory profile of the brandy. A brandy was aged, during two years, in 650 L wooden barrels and in 3000 L stainless steel tanks. Both had Limousin oak (Quercus robur) and Portuguese chestnut staves (Castanea sativa). The brandy samples were profiled by descriptive sensory analysis during the ageing period. The results showed that the kind of ageing system influences topaz, golden, woody, caramel, coffee, green and unctuous attributes, as well as the overall brandy quality. Despite these differences, the multidimensional analysis of the sensory results was not able to clearly distinguish the brandy samples from different ageing systems. The results, obtained at industrial scale, revealed an interesting alternative for the manufacturers: wine brandies can be produced through the use of wooden staves inside stainless steel tanks. Since this alternative ageing system provides a similar brandy sensory profile than the one obtained through wooden barrels, this new data can be used by researchers and manufacturers in order to develop new products. Furthermore, this alternative ageing technology allows the reduction of the ageing process costs.
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